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Name _______________________________________________ Date ________________ Class______________

CHAPTER

VOCABULARY & NOTES WORKSHEET

Plate Tectonics

By studying the Vocabulary and Notes listed for each section below, you can gain a better understanding of this chapter.

SECTION 1 Vocabulary

In your own words, write a definition of each of the following terms in the space provided. 1. crust

2. mantle

3. core

4. lithosphere

5. asthenosphere

6. mesosphere

7. outer core

8. inner core

9. tectonic plates

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Plate Tectonics, continued

Notes

Read the following section highlights. Then, in your own words, write the highlights in your ScienceLog. · The Earth is made of three basic compositional layers--the crust, the mantle, and the core. · The Earth is made of five main structural layers--lithosphere, asthenosphere, mesosphere, outer core, and inner core. · Tectonic plates are large pieces of the lithosphere that move around on the Earth's surface. · Knowledge about the structure of the Earth comes from the study of seismic waves caused by earthquakes.

SECTION 2 Vocabulary

In your own words, write a definition of each of the following terms in the space provided. 1. continental drift

2. sea-floor spreading

Notes

Read the following section highlights. Then, in your own words, write the highlights in your ScienceLog. · Wegener's theory of continental drift explained many puzzling facts, including the fit of the Atlantic coastlines of South America and Africa. · Today's continents were originally joined together in the ancient continent Pangaea. · Some of the most important evidence for sea-floor spreading comes from magnetic reversals recorded in the ocean floor.

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Plate Tectonics, continued

SECTION 3 Vocabulary

In your own words, write a definition of each of the following terms in the space provided. 1. plate tectonics

2. convergent boundary

3. subduction zone

4. divergent boundary

5. transform boundary

Notes

Read the following section highlights. Then, in your own words, write the highlights in your ScienceLog. · The processes of ridge push, convection, and slab pull provide some possible driving forces for plate tectonics. · Tectonic plate boundaries are classified as convergent, divergent, or transform. · Data from satellite tracking indicate that some tectonic plates move an average of 3 cm a year.

SECTION 4 Vocabulary

In your own words, write a definition of each of the following terms in the space provided. 1. stress

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Plate Tectonics, continued

2. compression

3. tension

4. folding

5. fault

6. normal fault

7. reverse fault

8. strike-slip fault

Notes

Read the following section highlights. Then, in your own words, write the highlights in your ScienceLog. · As tectonic plates move next to and into each other, a great amount of stress is placed on the rocks at the boundary. · Folding occurs when rock layers bend due to stress. · Faulting occurs when rock layers break due to stress and then move on either side of the break. · Mountains are classified as either folded, fault-block, or volcanic, depending on how they form. · Mountain building is caused by the movement of tectonic plates. Different types of movement cause different types of mountains.

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CHAPTER

CHAPTER REVIEW WORKSHEET

Plate Tectonics

USING VOCABULARY

For each pair of terms, explain the difference in their meanings. 1. oceanic crust/continental crust

2. lithosphere/asthenosphere

3. convergent boundary/divergent boundary

4. folding/faulting

5. oceanic crust/oceanic lithosphere

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Plate Tectonics, continued

6. normal fault/reverse fault

UNDERSTANDING CONCEPTS Multiple Choice

7. The part of the Earth that is a liquid is the a. crust. b. mantle. c. outer core. d. inner core. 8. The part of the Earth on which the tectonic plates are able to move is the a. lithosphere. b. asthenosphere. c. mesosphere. d. subduction zone. 9. The ancient continent that contained all the landmasses is called a. Pangaea. b. Gondwana. c. Laurasia. d. Panthalassa. 10. The type of tectonic plate boundary involving a collision between two tectonic plates is a. divergent. b. transform. c. convergent. d. normal. 11. The type of tectonic plate boundary that sometimes has a subduction zone is a. divergent. c. convergent. b. transform. d. normal. 12. The San Andreas fault is an example of a a. divergent boundary. b. transform boundary. c. convergent boundary. d. normal boundary.

13. When a fold is shaped like an arch, with the fold in an upward direction, it is called a(n) a. monocline. c. syncline. b. anticline. d. decline.

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Plate Tectonics, continued

15. The type of mountain involving huge sections of the Earth's crust being pushed up into anticlines and synclines is the a. folded mountain. b. fault-block mountain. c. volcanic mountain. d. strike-slip mountain. 16. Continental mountain ranges are usually associated with a. divergent boundaries. b. transform boundaries. c. convergent boundaries. d. normal boundaries. 17. Mid-ocean ridges are associated with a. divergent boundaries. b. transform boundaries. c. convergent boundaries. d. normal boundaries.

Short Answer

18. What is a tectonic plate?

19. What was the major problem with Wegener's theory of continental drift?

20. Why is there stress on the Earth's crust?

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14. The type of fault in which the hanging wall moves down relative to the footwall is called a. strike-slip. b. reverse. c. normal. d. fault block.

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Plate Tectonics, continued

CONCEPT MAPPING

21. Use the following terms to create a concept map: sea-floor spreading, convergent boundary, divergent boundary, subduction zone, transform boundary, tectonic plates.

CRITICAL THINKING AND PROBLEM SOLVING

Write one or two sentences to answer each of the following questions: 22. Why is it necessary to think about the different layers of the Earth in terms of both their composition and their physical properties?

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Plate Tectonics, continued

23. Folded mountains usually form at the edge of a tectonic plate. How can you explain old folded mountain ranges located in the middle of a tectonic plate?

24. New tectonic plate material continually forms at divergent boundaries. Tectonic plate material is also continually destroyed in subduction zones at convergent boundaries. Do you think the total amount of lithosphere formed on Earth is about equal to the amount destroyed? Why?

MATH IN SCIENCE

25. Assume that a very small oceanic plate is between a mid-ocean ridge to the west and a subduction zone to the east. At the ridge, the oceanic plate is growing at a rate of 5 km every million years. At the subduction zone, the oceanic plate is being destroyed at a rate of 10 km every million years. If the oceanic plate is 100 km across, in how many million years will the oceanic plate disappear?

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Plate Tectonics, continued

INTERPRETING GRAPHICS

Imagine that you could travel to the center of the Earth. Use the diagram below to answer the questions that follow. Composition Crust (50 km) Structure Lithosphere (150 km)

Mantle (2,900 km)

Asthenosphere (250 km) Mesosphere (2,550 km)

Core (3,428 km)

Outer core (2,200 km) Inner core (1,228 km)

26. How far beneath Earth's surface would you have to go to find the liquid material in the Earth's core?

27. At what range of depth would you find mantle material but still be within the lithosphere?

READING CHECK-UP

Take a minute to review your answers to the ScienceLog questions at the beginning of this chapter. Have your answers changed? If necessary, revise your answers based on what you have learned since you began this chapter.

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Name _______________________________________________ Date ________________ Class______________

CHAPTER

VOCABULARY & NOTES WORKSHEET

Plate Tectonics

By studying the Vocabulary and Notes listed for each section below, you can gain a better understanding of this chapter.

SECTION 1 Vocabulary

In your own words, write a definition of each of the following terms in the space provided. 1. crust the thin, outermost layer of the Earth, or the uppermost part of the lithosphere

2. mantle the layer of the Earth between the crust and the core

3. core the central, spherical part of the Earth below the mantle

4. lithosphere the outermost, rigid layer of the Earth that consists of the crust and the rigid upper

part of the mantle

5. asthenosphere the soft layer of the mantle on which pieces of the lithosphere move

6. mesosphere literally, the "middle sphere"--the strong, lower part of the mantle between the

asthenosphere and the outer core

7. outer core the liquid layer of the Earth's core that lies beneath the mantle and surrounds the

inner core

8. inner core the solid, dense center of the Earth

9. tectonic plates huge pieces of the lithosphere that move around on top of the asthenosphere

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Plate Tectonics, continued

Notes

SECTION 2 Vocabulary

In your own words, write a definition of each of the following terms in the space provided. 1. continental drift the theory that continents can drift apart from one another and have done so

in the past

2. sea-floor spreading the process by which new oceanic lithosphere is created at mid-ocean ridges

as other materials are pulled away from each ridge

Notes

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Plate Tectonics, continued

SECTION 3 Vocabulary

In your own words, write a definition of each of the following terms in the space provided. 1. plate tectonics the theory that the Earth's lithosphere is divided into tectonic plates that move

around on top of the asthenosphere

2. convergent boundary the boundary between two colliding tectonic plates

3. subduction zone the region where an oceanic plate sinks down into the asthenosphere at a

convergent boundary, usually between continental and oceanic plates

4. divergent boundary the boundary between two tectonic plates that are moving away from each

other

5. transform boundary the boundary between two tectonic plates that are sliding past each other

horizontally

Notes

SECTION 4 Vocabulary

In your own words, write a definition of each of the following terms in the space provided. 1. stress the amount of force per unit area that is put on a given material

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Plate Tectonics, continued

2. compression the type of stress that occurs when an object is squeezed

3. tension the type of stress that occurs when forces act to stretch an object

4. folding the bending of rock layers due to stress in the Earth's crust

5. fault a break in the Earth's crust along which two blocks of the crust slide relative to one another

6. normal fault a fault in which the hanging wall moves down relative to the footwall

7. reverse fault a fault in which the hanging wall moves up relative to the footwall

8. strike-slip fault a fault in which the two fault blocks move past each other horizontally

Notes

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CHAPTER

CHAPTER REVIEW WORKSHEET

Plate Tectonics

USING VOCABULARY

For each pair of terms, explain the difference in their meanings. 1. oceanic crust/continental crust Oceanic crust is a relatively thin, dense layer of crust underneath the oceans that has a composition similar to that of basalt. Continental crust is a relatively thick, lightweight layer of crust that makes up the Earth's continents and has a composition similar to that of granite.

2. lithosphere/asthenosphere Lithosphere means "rock sphere" and is the rigid outer layer of the

Earth. Asthenosphere means "weak sphere" and is the soft, partially molten layer of the mantle below the lithosphere.

3. convergent boundary/divergent boundary At a convergent boundary two tectonic plates

collide; at a divergent boundary, two tectonic plates pull apart.

4. folding/faulting Folding occurs when tectonic forces bend rock layers; faulting occurs when

tectonic forces break rock.

5. oceanic crust/oceanic lithosphere Oceanic crust is crust under the oceans. Oceanic lithosphere

includes oceanic crust and the rigid part of the mantle that lies below it.

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Plate Tectonics, continued

6. normal fault/reverse fault Normal faults occur when the hanging wall moves down relative to

the footwall, and reverse faults occur when the hanging wall moves up relative to the footwall.

UNDERSTANDING CONCEPTS Multiple Choice

13. When a fold is shaped like an arch, with the fold in an upward direction, it is called a(n) a. monocline. c. syncline. b. anticline. d. decline.

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Plate Tectonics, continued

Short Answer

18. What is a tectonic plate?

A tectonic plate is a large piece of the lithosphere that moves around on top of the asthenosphere.

19. What was the major problem with Wegener's theory of continental drift?

Wegener's theory did not explain the driving force responsible for continental drift.

20. Why is there stress on the Earth's crust?

Stress occurs in the Earth's crust because the crust is part of all tectonic plates, and tectonic plates are constantly colliding, pulling apart, and sliding past each other.

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14. The type of fault in which the hanging wall moves down relative to the footwall is called a. strike-slip. b. reverse. c. normal. d. fault block.

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Plate Tectonics, continued

CONCEPT MAPPING

21. Use the following terms to create a concept map: sea-floor spreading, convergent boundary, divergent boundary, subduction zone, transform boundary, tectonic plates.

Tectonic plates

can be destroyed at a

are neither destroyed nor created at a

can be created at a

convergent boundary

transform boundary

divergent boundary

which is often a

which can be marked by

subduction zone

sea-floor spreading

CRITICAL THINKING AND PROBLEM SOLVING

Some layers of the Earth (such as the inner and outer cores) have the same composition but different physical properties.

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Plate Tectonics, continued

23. Folded mountains usually form at the edge of a tectonic plate. How can you explain old folded mountain ranges located in the middle of a tectonic plate?

At the time they formed, the folded mountains must have been on the edge of a tectonic plate. New material was later added to the tectonic plate, causing the folded mountains to be located closer to the center of the plate.

Sample answer: The amount of crust formed is roughly equal to the amount of crust destroyed globally. If this were not true, the Earth would be either expanding or shrinking.

MATH IN SCIENCE

In 1 million years, the tectonic plate grows 5 km on one side but shrinks 10 km on the other side. Every 1 million years the tectonic plate shrinks by 5 km. In 20 million years, the tectonic plate will disappear entirely. The rate of tectonic plate destruction is 5 km/y tectonic plate will completely disappear in 100 km/5 km/y 10 km/y 5 km/y. The

20 million years.

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Plate Tectonics, continued

INTERPRETING GRAPHICS

Imagine that you could travel to the center of the Earth. Use the diagram below to answer the questions that follow. Composition Crust (50 km) Structure Lithosphere (150 km)

Mantle (2,900 km)

Asthenosphere (250 km) Mesosphere (2,550 km)

Core (3,428 km)

Outer core (2,200 km) Inner core (1,228 km)

26. How far beneath Earth's surface would you have to go to find the liquid material in the Earth's core?

150 km 250 km 2,550 km 2,950 km

27. At what range of depth would you find mantle material but still be within the lithosphere?

You would find mantle material in the lithosphere between 50 and 150 km.

READING CHECK-UP

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